encyclopedia of electronic 1000 circuits pdf

Although transistors made many new electronic applications possible, engineers were still unable to make a small enough package for the large number of components and circuits required in complex devices like sophisticated control systems and handheld programmable calculators. At the time, transistors and printed circuit boards were the state-of-the-art electronic technology.

The first integrated circuits were created in the late 1950s in response to a demand from the military for miniaturized electronics to be used in missile control systems. Integrated circuit microcomputers are so inexpensive they are even found in children's electronic toys. They can also be reprogrammed without having to redesign the control circuitry. Because IC microcomputers are smaller and more versatile than previous control mechanisms, they allow the equipment to respond to a wider range of input and produce a wider range of output. Integrated circuit microcomputers are now used as controllers in equipment such as machine tools, vehicle operating systems, and other applications where hydraulic, pneumatic, or mechanical controls were previously used. These miniature circuits have demonstrated low cost, high reliability, low power requirements, and high processing speeds compared to the vacuum tubes and transistors which preceded them. ICs have become the principal components of almost all electronic devices. The impact of integrated circuits on our lives has been enormous. ICs range in complexity from simple logic modules and amplifiers to complete microcomputers containing millions of elements. It is called an integrated circuit because the components, circuits, and base material are all made together, or integrated, out of a single piece of silicon, as opposed to a discrete circuit in which the components are made separately from different materials and assembled later.

An integrated circuit, commonly referred to as an IC, is a microscopic array of electronic circuits and components that has been diffused or implanted onto the surface of a single crystal, or chip, of semiconducting material such as silicon.

Encyclopedia of electronic 1000 circuits pdf